Categories
Fallacies are grouped by the type of error they represent.
Relevance Fallacies
Arguments that distract from the claim instead of addressing it directly.
Ambiguity and Language
Arguments that hinge on slippery wording, double meanings, or unclear definitions.
Presumption
Arguments that smuggle in assumptions or treat contested points as already proven.
Statistical and Scientific
Errors that misuse numbers, studies, or causal claims to overstate certainty.
Formal Fallacies
Breakdowns in logical structure that make a conclusion invalid regardless of content.
Informal Dialogue Pitfalls
Conversational traps that force unfair frames, assumptions, or defensive answers.
Rhetorical and Cognitive Biases
Appeals to emotion or mental shortcuts instead of reasons and evidence.
Debate Tactics and Evasions
Strategies that flood, derail, or exhaust a discussion rather than test a claim.